## Definition - The [[Epistemology|epistemological]] stance that **questions the possibility, certainty, or extent of knowledge** - Ranges from mild doubt about specific claims to radical denial that any knowledge is possible - Functions as both a [[Philosophy|philosophical]] method and a worldview ## Core Concepts - **Fallibilism**: All beliefs are potentially mistaken and should be open to revision - **Suspension of judgment** (_epoché_): Avoiding firm conclusions where certainty is unattainable - **Inquiry through doubt**: Using doubt to test and refine beliefs - **Distinction from [[Cynicism]]**: Skepticism is epistemic caution, not dismissive negativity ## Key Characteristics - Challenges dogmatism and unexamined assumptions - Can be **methodological** (a tool for inquiry) or **radical** (denial of knowledge altogether) - Encourages humility and intellectual openness - Applied in both [[Philosophy]] and [[Scientific Method]] as a driver of critical thinking ## Historical Perspectives - **Pyrrhonism** (Pyrrho of Elis): Advocated radical doubt and tranquility through non-commitment - **Academic Skepticism** (Carneades): Argued for probable judgments over certain knowledge - **René Descartes**: Used hyperbolic doubt in [[Cartesian Skepticism]] to establish indubitable truths - **David Hume**: Questioned causation, the self, and inductive reasoning ## Role in [[Philosophy]] & Science - Drives critical examination of beliefs and arguments - Forms the basis for empirical investigation and [[Scientific Method]] - Provides a counterbalance to dogmatism in ethics, metaphysics, and theology ## Related Concepts - [[Empiricism]] - [[Rationalism]] - [[Pyrrhonism]] - [[Cartesian Skepticism]] - [[Fallibilism]] ## Notable Quotes - "The wise man will suspend judgment." — Sextus Empiricus - "I think, therefore I am." — René Descartes (in response to radical doubt) - "Custom is the great guide of human life." — David Hume