Neurodevelopmental condition involving persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development. ADHD arises from atypical [[Brain Networks|brain network]] connectivity and neurotransmitter regulation, especially in fronto-striatal and dopaminergic circuits. ADHD represents a developmental imbalance in neural signaling, pruning, and network coordination within the brain’s executive systems. These timing differences in cortical maturation and connectivity shape attention, [[Meaning and Motivation|motivation]], and self-regulation across the lifespan. ## Core Symptoms - Inattention - Difficulty sustaining focus on tasks or conversations - Easily distracted, forgetful, or disorganized - Hyperactivity - Restlessness, fidgeting, or excessive movement and speech - Impulsivity - Acting without forethought - Interrupting others or struggling to delay gratification ## Neurobiological Basis - [[Prefrontal Cortex]] (PFC) - Reduced activation during executive control tasks - Impaired inhibitory control and working memory - Striatum (Basal Ganglia) - Altered dopamine signaling - Disrupted reward sensitivity and [[Meaning and Motivation|motivation]] - Cerebellum - Impaired timing, motor coordination, and attentional modulation - Default Mode Network (DMN) - Difficulty suppressing internal thought during goal-directed activity ## Neurochemical Pathways - Dopamine and Norepinephrine - Dysregulation leads to attentional instability and reduced [[Meaning and Motivation|motivation]] - Dopamine Transporter Function - Reduced binding decreases reinforcement learning efficiency ## Developmental Dynamics - Cortical Maturation - Delayed pruning in prefrontal and parietal regions relative to neurotypical peers - Connectivity Imbalance - Weak long-range coordination between executive and sensory systems - Overactive local loops contribute to distractibility ## Clinical Notes - Subtypes - Predominantly inattentive - Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive - Combined presentation - Common Comorbidities - Anxiety - Depression - Learning disorders - Genetic Factors - High heritability (~70–80%) - Influenced by both genetic and environmental conditions - Course - Chronic but manageable through behavioral, cognitive, and pharmacological support ## Treatment And Management - Stimulant Medications - Methylphenidate - Amphetamines - Non-Stimulant Medications - Atomoxetine - Guanfacine - Clonidine - Behavioral Interventions - [[Executive function]] training - Mindfulness practices - Structured routines - Environmental Supports - Consistent feedback - Minimized distractions - Clear and predictable structure